Q1. We need suitable electrodes for chloride titration ( titrant: AgNO₃ )
Q2. What are the specifications for the MS-231 Silver Reference Electrode?
Q3. When we turn the knob to the "stop" position to empty the distillation chamber, then turn the knob to the "solvent" position to refill the chamber with solvent. Then we move the knob back to the "carrier gas" position, desiccant tube pops of the titrator or one of the other plugs is displaced. How is this problem solved?
Q4. We would like to determine the water content in formic acid/water blends with Volumetric KF titrator (AQV).  The water content in the blends may vary from 5%w to 15%w. 
Q5. The balance seems to be connected properly with the AQUACOUNTER, but the sample weight has not been automatically transferred after pressing the SAMPLE key. What shoul we do?
Q6. To measure salinity and acidity, which electrodes shall be used?
Q7. What is the principle of the electronic cooling method for Mercury analyzer?
Q8. The optical system is newly designed. What is the advantage?
Q9. How to measure water content in transformer oils? Is EV-2000L oil evaporator necessary?
Q10. In what way is C-2012Y sample changer special?
Q11. What is the method for measuring moisture in lyophilized protein by using AQV (Volumetric Karl Fischer titrator)?

A. For Chloride measurement, you have;

Silver Indicator electrode AG-311 and Silver Reference electrode MS-231
or
Silver reference combination electrode AGR-811

Q2. What are the specifications for the MS-231 Silver Reference Electrode?

A. Electrode: Mercurous sulfate
Electrode potential: 415mV +/- 5mV
Electrolyte (inner solution): 0.35 mol/L K₂SO₄

Q3. When we turn the knob to the "stop" position to empty the distillation chamber, then turn the knob to the "solvent" position to refill the chamber with solvent. Then we move the knob back to the "carrier gas" position, desiccant tube pops of the titrator or one of the other plugs is displaced. How is this problem solved?

A. Reduce the gas-pressure to below 0.1 MPa.
   From 0.05MPa to 0.1MPa is enough as the gas-pressure.
   You can adjust it with the valve on the air bottle. 

Q4. We would like to determine the water content in formic acid/water blends with Volumetric KF titrator (AQV).  The water content in the blends may vary from 5%w to 15%w. 

A. Formic acid tends to undergo side reactions such as the esterification with Methanol and iodine oxidation. So, it requires reagents for aldehydes and ketones.
0.1 to 0.2g would be enough as the size of sample.

Q5. The balance seems to be connected properly with the AQUACOUNTER, but the sample weight has not been automatically transferred after pressing the SAMPLE key. What shoul we do?

A. Data transfer is not done automatically just by pressing the SAMPLE key on the AQUACOUNTER.

Press the SAMPLE key to make the AQUACOUNTER ready to receive data from the balance.

Q6. To measure salinity and acidity, which electrodes shall be used?

A. Silver combination electrode AGR-811 and Glass electrode GE101B will be good for precipitation titration and neutralization titration consecutively.

*AGR-811 consists of Silver indicator electrode AG-311, Silver reference electrode MS-231 and Reference electrode RE-201.

Q7. What is the principle of the electronic cooling method for Mercury analyzer?

A. The electronic cooling method is based on Peltier effect; a creation of heat difference from an electric voltage. It occurs when a current is passed through two dissimilar metals. At two junctions, the current drives a transfer of heat from one junction to the other. One junction cools off while the other heats up.

Q8. The optical system is newly designed. What is the advantage?

A. Longer and narrower absorption cell makes it possible to measure lower level Mercury more stably and more accurately.

Q9. How to measure water content in transformer oils? Is EV-2000L oil evaporator necessary?

A. Generally, straight injection of the sample without EV-2000L is fine.

As for KF reagent, anolyte for titration of long-chained hydrocarbons can be used.

Sample size would be about 3g per 1 measurement.

Some transformer oils may contain interferences. In this case, EV-2000L oil evaporator will be recommended.

Q10. In what way is C-2012Y sample changer special?

A. C-2012Y shows its ability in the non-aqueous titration for a number of samples. It has a special pump unit for organic solvent to wash electrodes. This pump supplies organic solvent to wash electrodes first, and then pure water to activate electrodes for the next measurement. Used organic solvent and used pure water are collected into each tank separately.

Q11. What is the method for measuring moisture in lyophilized protein by using AQV (Volumetric Karl Fischer titrator)?

A. For the moisture measurement of lyophilized protein, Dry methanol extraction method would be recommended.

1) Reagents: Karl Fischer titrant (1mL= 0.5mgH 2 O or 1mgH 2 O)

Solvent: Dry methanol

2) Sampling

Put approximately 1g or more of sample into the titration cell.

3) Parameter setting

T-timer: 30 *It may take long to extract moisture in the sample into methanol.

Cal mode: 5